ABSTRACT The objective was to verify if the primary root emission can be recommended as a vigor test for soybean seeds. For this, five lots of varieties ANTA 82, NA7337 and BRS1074IPRO were evaluated by first count, germination, emergence, emergence speed index and tetrazolium tests. In the root protrusion test at 20, 25 and 30 ºC, two evaluation criteria were adopted: primary root emission precocity index (PREPI) and percentage of seeds that emitted the primary root (PRE). The seeds counted were those with a primary root equal to or greater than 2 mm, every 12 h from the installation of the test until 120 h. The design was completely randomized and means were compared, within each evaluation time, using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. Pearson’s linear correlation was performed for PREPI and PRE with emergence. PREPI was not considered efficient. For the PRE, at 20 ºC, there was a correlation at 72 h, for the three varieties. At 25 ºC there was a correlation for a period of 36 h for ANTA 82 and NA7337 and 60 h for BRS1074IPRO. At 30 ºC there was a correlation in the time of 36 h for the three cultivars. Considering that speed in obtaining results is important in vigor tests, it is concluded that primary root emission for 36 h after installing the test at 30 ºC is recommended as a vigor test in the quality control of soybean seeds.

Abstract To assist the reproductive management of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) males in laboratory and commercial fish farming, a linear regression model was obtained from concentration curves using the spectrophotometric method. Twenty-two tambaqui males with an average age of three years old were selected and divided into two groups containing 11 animals each. Both groups alternately received a single dose of carp pituitary extract (CPE; 2.0 mg/kg body weight, intracoelomic). Sperm was collected 14 h after hormonal treatment and diluted (1:4000; sperm:formaldehyde saline). The concentration was estimated by counting spermatozoa in a Neubauer chamber and by using a spectrophotometer (λ=540 nm). Individual sperm concentration ranged from 11.40 to 71.13 × 109 sperm/mL. The degree of transmittance ranged from 62.1% to 95.0%. There was a significant correlation (r2 = 0.966; p < 0.0001) between sperm concentration analyzed in a Neubauer chamber and transmittance at 540 nm. Analysis by spectrophotometry and the prediction provided by the equation Y=100.293 - 0.509X proved to be an efficient and fast method for estimating sperm concentration in tambaqui and can be used in routine procedures in artificial fish reproduction laboratories.

Resumo Visando auxiliar o manejo reprodutivo de machos de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) em piscicultura de laboratório e comercial, obteve-se um modelo de regressão linear a partir de curvas de concentração por método espectrofotométrico. Foram selecionados 22 machos de tambaqui com idade média de três anos. Eles foram divididos em dois grupos contendo 11 animais cada. Ambos os grupos receberam alternadamente uma única dose de extrato de hipófise de carpa (EHC; 2,0 mg/kg de peso corporal, intracelomático). O esperma foi coletado 14 horas após o tratamento hormonal e diluído (1:4000; esperma: solução salina formaldeído). A concentração foi estimada por contagem de espermatozoides em câmara de Neubauer e por espectrofotômetro (λ=540 nm). A concentração espermática individual variou de 11,40 a 71,13 × 109 espermatozoides/mL. O grau de transmitância variou de 62,1 a 95,0%. Houve correlação significativa (r2 = 0,966; p < 0,0001) entre a concentração espermática analisada em câmara de Neubauer e a transmitância em 540 nm. A análise por espectrofotometria e a predição pela equação Y=100,293 - 0,509X mostrou ser um método eficiente e rápido para estimar a concentração espermática de tambaqui, podendo ser utilizado em procedimentos de rotina em laboratórios de reprodução artificial de peixes.

RESUMO A colecistite aguda (CA) é um processo inflamatório agudo da vesícula biliar que pode estar associado a complicações potencialmente graves, como empiema, gangrena, perfuração da vesícula biliar e sepse. O tratamento padrão para a CA é a colecistectomia laparoscópica. No entanto, para um pequeno grupo de pacientes com CA, o risco de colecistectomia laparoscópica pode ser muito alto, principalmente em idosos com doenças graves associadas. Nestes pacientes críticos, a colecistectomia percutânea ou a drenagem endoscópica da vesícula biliar guiada por ultrassom podem ser uma opção terapêutica temporária, como ponte para a colecistectomia. O objetivo deste artigo de posicionamento do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva é apresentar novos avanços no tratamento da CA em pacientes cirúrgicos de alto risco, para auxiliar cirurgiões, endoscopistas e clínicos a selecionar o melhor tratamento para os seus pacientes. A eficácia, segurança, vantagens, desvantagens e resultados de cada procedimento são discutidos. As principais conclusões são: a) Pacientes com CA e risco cirúrgico elevado devem ser tratados preferencialmente em hospitais terciários onde a experiência e os recursos cirúrgicos, radiológicos e endoscópicos estão disponíveis. b) A modalidade de tratamento ideal para pacientes com elevado risco cirúrgico, deve ser individualizada, com base nas condições clínicas e na experiência disponível. c) A colecistectomia laparoscópica continua sendo uma excelente opção de tratamento, principalmente em hospitais em que a drenagem da vesícula biliar percutânea ou endoscópica não está disponível. d) A colecistostomia percutânea e a drenagem endoscópica da vesícula biliar devem ser realizadas apenas em hospitais bem equipados e com radiologista intervencionista e/ou endoscopista experientes. e) O cateter de colecistostomia deve ser removido após a resolução da CA. No entanto, em pacientes que não têm condição clínica para realizar colecistectomia, o cateter pode ser mantido por um período prolongado ou mesmo definitivamente. f) Se o cateter de colecistostomia for mantido por longo período de tempo podem ocorrer várias complicações, como sangramento, fístula biliar, obstrução, dor no local de inserção, remoção acidental do cateter e CA recorrente. g) O tempo de espera ideal entre a colecistostomia e a colecistectomia ainda não foi estabelecido, e vai desde imediatamente após a melhoria clínica, até meses após. h) Longos períodos de espera entre colecistostomia e colecistectomia podem estar associados a novos episódios de CA, múltiplas readmissões hospitalares e aumento dos custos. Finalmente, ao selecionar a melhor opção de tratamento, outros aspectos também devem ser considerados, como custos, disponibilidade dos procedimentos no centro médico e o desejo do paciente. O paciente e sua família devem ser completamente informados sobre todas as opções de tratamento, para que possam ajudar a tomar a decisão final. (CA empiema gangrena sepse entanto associadas críticos temporária cirurgiões eficácia segurança vantagens discutidos disponíveis b individualizada disponível c d eou experientes definitivamente f sangramento obstrução inserção recorrente g estabelecido h custos Finalmente considerados final

ABSTRACT Acute cholecystitis (AC) is an acute inflammatory process of the gallbladder that may be associated with potentially severe complications, such as empyema, gangrene, perforation of the gallbladder, and sepsis. The gold standard treatment for AC is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, for a small group of AC patients, the risk of laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be very high, mainly in the elderly with associated severe diseases. In these critically ill patients, percutaneous cholecystostomy or endoscopic ultrasound gallbladder drainage may be a temporary therapeutic option, a bridge to cholecystectomy. The objective of this Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery Position Paper is to present new advances in AC treatment in high-risk surgical patients to help surgeons, endoscopists, and physicians select the best treatment for their patients. The effectiveness, safety, advantages, disadvantages, and outcomes of each procedure are discussed. The main conclusions are: a) AC patients with elevated surgical risk must be preferably treated in tertiary hospitals where surgical, radiological, and endoscopic expertise and resources are available; b) The optimal treatment modality for high-surgical-risk patients should be individualized based on clinical conditions and available expertise; c) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains an excellent option of treatment, mainly in hospitals in which percutaneous or endoscopic gallbladder drainage is not available; d) Percutaneous cholecystostomy and endoscopic gallbladder drainage should be performed only in well-equipped hospitals with experienced interventional radiologist and/or endoscopist; e) Cholecystostomy catheter should be removed after resolution of AC. However, in patients who have no clinical condition to undergo cholecystectomy, the catheter may be maintained for a prolonged period or even definitively; f) If the cholecystostomy catheter is maintained for a long period of time several complications may occur, such as bleeding, bile leakage, obstruction, pain at the insertion site, accidental removal of the catheter, and recurrent AC; g) The ideal waiting time between cholecystostomy and cholecystectomy has not yet been established and ranges from immediately after clinical improvement to months. h) Long waiting periods between cholecystostomy and cholecystectomy may be associated with new episodes of acute cholecystitis, multiple hospital readmissions, and increased costs. Finally, when selecting the best treatment option other aspects should also be considered, such as costs, procedures available at the medical center, and the patient’s desire. The patient and his family should be fully informed about all treatment options, so they can help making the final decision. (AC empyema gangrene sepsis However high diseases highrisk surgeons endoscopists effectiveness safety advantages disadvantages discussed radiological b highsurgicalrisk c d wellequipped well equipped andor endoscopist e definitively f occur bleeding leakage obstruction site g months h readmissions costs Finally considered center s desire options decision

RESUMEN Introducción: Un riesgo potencialmente mortal es el hábito de consumo de bebidas energizantes, porque puede producir un síndrome caracterizado por la necrosis muscular que promueve la liberación de enzimas y mioglobina proveniente del interior del miocito hacia la circulación, creando una peroxidación lipídica llegando a generar lesión renal aguda e hyperkalemia; conocido como rabdomiólisis. La rabdomiólisis la esperaríamos encontrar entre 24 y 48 h después de actividades extenuantes, aún más con un índice de Borg modificado mayor o igual a 5 puntos; sin embargo, las bebidas energizantes por su alto contenido de cafeína y otros componentes pueden generar este evento adverso poco conocido. Caso clínico: Paciente de 37 arios, obeso, que ingresó al servicio de urgencias por cuadro clínico de mialgia y orina oscura que apareció 24h después de 4 días de ejercicio muscular de baja intensidad, asociado a consumo diario de bebida energizante por 2 años. El diagnóstico de rabdomiólisis se confirmó por hiperCKemia e hipertrasaminemia; no fue posible medir los niveles de mioglobina. El paciente fue tratado con fluidoterapia agresiva. Nunca presentó complicaciones renales ni hidroelectrolíticas. Conclusión: Nuestro caso destaca la aparición de rabdomiólisis aguda en pacientes sometidos a ejercicios de baja intensidad no descartando como causa principal el consumo crónico de bebidas energizantes. Son pocos casos actualmente reportados en la literatura. Gracias al tratamiento oportuno se evitó la progresión a lesión renal aguda.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The habit of consuming energy drinks is a life-threatening risk, because it can produce a syndrome characterised by a muscle necrosis. This promotes the release of enzy mes and myoglobin from inside the myocyte into the circulation, creating lipid peroxidation and leading to acute kidney injury, and hyperCKemia, together producing rhabdomyolysis. Rhabdomyolysis can be expected to be found within 24 to 48 h after strenuous activities, even more so with a modified Borg index greater than or equal to 5 points. However, energy drinks, due to their high content of caffeine and other components, can generate this little known adverse event. Clinical case: A 37-year-old patient admitted to the emergency department due to clinical symptoms of myalgia, and dark urine that appeared 24 h after four days of low-intensity muscular exercises, and was associated with daily consumption of an energizing drink for 2 years. The diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was confirmed by increased creatine kinase and transaminases. It was not possible to measure myoglobin levels. The patient was treated with aggressive fluid therapy. He never presented with any renal or electrolyte complica tions. Conclusion: This case highlights the appearance of acute rhabdomyolysis in patients taking low intensity exercises, and not ruling out long-term consumption of energy drinks as the main cause. There are few cases currently reported in the literature. Owing to the timely treatment, progression to acute kidney injury was avoided.

Resumen Introducción. Helicobacter pylori posee un genoma de aproximadamente 1600 genes, el gen glmM está altamente conservado y se ha utilizado para identificar H. pylori por su sensibilidad y especificidad en biopsias gástricas. La diversidad genética de H. pylori es alta entre cepas del mismo origen geográfico y es aún más a escala global. En México, son pocos los estudios que destacan la importancia de la variabilidad genética de esta bacteria, la cual es estudiada mediante técnicas moleculares. Objetivo. Analizar la variabilidad genética del gen glmM en cepas de H pylori de pacientes con patologías gástricas. Metodología. Se analizaron solo 90 secuencias del gen glmM (10 de grupo de estudio y 80 depositadas en el GenBank), posteriormente realizamos redes de haplotipos, donde se puede observar las diferencias en pasos mutacionales de las secuencias a nivel estatal y con otros grupos geográficos con el fin de hacer una reconstrucción de filogenia basada en las relaciones ancestro-descendiente. Resultados. Las cepas analizadas provenían el 30% hombres y 70% mujeres, con una edad promedio de 42 años, con diagnóstico de gastritis, las secuencias de glmM mostraron variabilidad genética. De las secuencias analizadas, se propone confirmar la presencia de ocho haplotipos que se agrupan separados. Conclusiones: Se sugiere hacer estudios detallados a nivel molecular de los haplotipos del gen glmM en cepas de H. pylori para conocer su distribución geográfica con la finalidad de conocer las cepas circulantes a nivel mundial y con esto evitar los resultados negativos.

Abstract Introduction: Helicobacter pylori has a genome of approximately 1600 genes, the glmM gene is highly conserved and has been identified to identify H. pylori due to its sensitivity and specificity in gastric biopsies. The genetic diversity of H. pylori is high among strains of the same geographical origin and is even more of a global scale. In Mexico, studies that study the importance of the genetic variability of this bacterium, which is studied by molecular techniques. Aim. To analyze the genetic variability of the glmM genus in H pylori strains of patients with gastric pathologies. Methodology. Only 90 sequences of the glmM genus were analyzed (10 of study group and 80 deposit in GenBank), to carry out haplotype networks, where the differences in the steps of the relationships at the state level and with other geographical groups can be observed in order to do a reconstruction of phylogeny based on ancestor-descendant relationships. Results. The strains analyzed showed 30% of men and 70% of women, with an average age of 42 years, diagnosed with gastritis, the glmM sequences. From the sequences analyzed, it is proposed to confirm the presence of eight haplotypes that are grouped separately. Conclusions. We suggest university studies at the molecular level of the glmM haplotypes in strains of H. pylori to know their geographical distribution in order to know the circulating strains worldwide and with this avoid negative results.

Resumen Muchas plataformas para salud ambiental se han diseñado considerando un solo actor de la salud ambiental. Estas plataformas utilizan herramien tas propietarias y no integran todos los componentes de la salud ambiental. Este artículo describe el diseño de una plataforma web basada en software libre para el análisis de la salud ambiental llamado PSAM. Varios actores fueron incluidos en el diseño, incluidas las autoridades ambientales y de salud, y la comunidad. PSAM tiene diversos módulos para recopilar y analizar información usando dispositivos móviles, así como para predecir la aparición de H. Pylori y enviar SMS a la comunidad para el empoderamiento comunitario. La arquitectura propuesta y las lecciones aprendidas pueden servir como base para otras implementaciones en el campo y pueden contribuir al desarrollo de la plataforma del gobierno de Colombia para la salud ambiental.

Abstract Most of the existing platforms for Environmental health have been created from the point of view of only one of the actors. These approaches are mostly based on proprietary tools and do not integrate all the components associated with environmental health. This paper describes the design of a platform based on free software for environmental health called PSAM. Several actors were included during the design, including environmental and health authorities, community leaders, and community members. PSAM comprises diverse modules to collect data using mobile devices, analyze the collected information and predict the appearance of H. Pylori. Finally, PSAM allows sending SMS to the community for community empowerment. The proposed architecture and learned lessons can serve as the basis for other implementations in the field and can also contribute to Colombia’s government development of a platform for environmental health.

Resumo A maioria das plataformas de Saúde ambiental que existem foi criada do ponto de vista de apenas um dos atores. Estas abordagens estão baseadas em grande parte em ferramentas proprietárias e não integram todos os componentes associados à saúde ambiental. Este paper descreve o design de uma plataforma baseada em software gratuito chamado PSAM. Vários atores foram incluídos durante o projeto, incluindo autoridades ambientais e de saúde, líderes e membros de comunidades. O PSAM está composto de diversos módulos para coletar dados usando dispositivos móveis, analisar a informação coletada e fazer uma previsão do surgimento de H. Pylori. Finalmente, o PSAM permite o envio de SMS para a comunidade para o seu empoderamento. A arquitetura proposta e lições aprendidas podem servir de base para outras implementações na área e podem contribuir para que o governo da Colômbia desenvolva uma plataforma para saúde ambiental.

Abstract: Raising South American domestic camelids is the main source of subsistence in the Peruvian Andes. Under the understanding that pre-slaughter handling and transport practices can affect meat quality an evaluation was done of South American camelids based on animal welfare criteria and carcass lesions. Data were collected at the Huancavelica municipal slaughterhouse, Peru. A total of 203 carcasses were inspected post-slaughter for lesions from trauma. Information collected on transport included number of animals transported per vehicle, transport characteristics and animal handling practices. Every one of the 203 evaluated carcasses exhibited evidence of pre-slaughter mistreatment. A total of 1,418 lesions were recorded, with an average of 6.9 ± 0.2 per carcass; four animals (1.9 %) exhibited generalized traumas. Of the 27 animal group arrivals, half were in cars (50.0 %). Grade 2 and 3 lesions were associated with transport in any vehicle type (OR= 2.20, 95% CI: 1.27 - 3.82), and no vision restriction (OR= 2.26, 95% CI: 1.66 - 3.06). Large area lesions were associated with pre-slaughter wait times greater than 24 h (OR= 1.42, 95% CI: 0.99 - 2.03). South American camelid transport and handling practices at the studied slaughterhouse were generally poor and clearly compromised carcass quality as evidenced by ubiquitous lesions. Animal welfare criteria and regulations for South American camelids were not fulfilled.

Resumen: La crianza de camélidos sudamericanos domésticos, alpaca y llama, es la principal fuente de subsistencia en la zona altoandina peruana. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las características de manejo y transporte hacia el camal de los camélidos sudamericanos, considerando los criterios basados en el bienestar animal, usando las lesiones contusas halladas en la carcasa como indicador. Se recolectó información del camal municipal de la ciudad de Huancavelica, Perú. Se seleccionaron 203 canales y se revisaron después de la faena para observar la presencia de lesiones. Se registró información sobre la cantidad de animales transportados, detalles del transporte y características del manejo de los animales. De las 203 canales evaluadas se contabilizó un total de 1,418 lesiones con un promedio de 6.9 ± 0.2 por carcasa, además se registraron cuatro animales con contusión generalizada (1.9 %). Se contabilizaron 27 medios de transporte, siendo la mitad de ellos autos (50.0 %). La presentación de lesiones grados 2 y 3 están asociadas al traslado en cualquier tipo de vehículo (OR= 2.20; IC95%: 1.27 - 3.82) y a la no restricción de visión (OR= 2.26; IC95%: 1.66 - 3.06). También las lesiones extensas están asociadas al tiempo de espera pre-sacrificio mayor a las 24 h (OR= 1.42; IC95%: 0.99 - 2.03). Se evidencia que las malas características de los vehículos, malas condiciones de transporte y manejo, aumentan la probabilidad de encontrar lesiones en las canales. Por lo tanto, no se cumplen con los criterios de bienestar animal durante el manejo y transporte de los camélidos sudamericanos.

Acute ischemia is the sudden interruption of the blood flow in a specific area of the body. Its most common cause is arterial embolism consisting of abrupt occlusion of a healthy artery by thrombotic residues formed in an area near the stroke and unleashing a clinical picture that should be adequately diagnosed and treated to avoid death. There is close relationship between the severity of ischemia and the time elapsed because if no aggressive actions are taken in due time, the results are rarely satisfactory. Revascularization is considered less effective 8 to 10 hours after ischemia. After this time many surgeons refrain from performing surgery due to the frightening reperfusion syndrome. However some had documented successful results with late embolectomy. Here is a case of arterial embolism in right lower limb owing to cardiac arrhythmia. The patient arrived to the Vascular Surgery service after 72 hours of the event; he was performed femoral embolectomy with Fogarty catheter and the achieved results were satisfactory, which supports the hypothesis of trying to reperfusing the affected limb whenever tissue viability exists and gangrene is not present, regardless of time elapsed.

La isquemia aguda es la interrupción brusca del aporte sanguíneo a un determinado territorio del organismo. Su causa más frecuente, la embolia arterial, consiste en la oclusión también brusca de una arteria sana por material trombótico formado en un territorio proximal al del accidente y que desencadena un cuadro que, de no diagnosticarse y tratarse adecuadamente, puede comprometer la vida del paciente. Existe una estrecha relación entre la gravedad del cuadro isquémico y el tiempo transcurrido de manera que si no se toman medidas agresivas a tiempo raramente se resuelve de manera satisfactoria. La revascularización es considerada menos efectiva después de 8 a 10 h de isquemia, tiempo después del cual muchos se abstienen de operar debido al temido síndrome de reperfusión; sin embargo, algunos refieren éxitos con embolectomías tardías. Se presenta un caso de embolismo arterial a miembro inferior derecho por arritmia cardiaca, que llegó al servicio de Cirugía Vascular del Hospital Provincial "Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola", con 72 h de evolución. Se le realizó embolectomía femoral con catéter de Fogarty con resultados satisfactorios, lo que apoya la hipótesis de que se debe intentar reperfundir la extremidad siempre que se demuestre viabilidad de los tejidos y no exista gangrena, independientemente del tiempo transcurrido.

RESUMEN Introducción. La resistencia al metronidazol es un factor clave relacionado con el fracaso del tratamiento contra la infección por Helicobacter pylori asociada, principalmente, con mutaciones en la nitrorreductasa RdxA. A pesar de su importancia, los estudios sobre esta proteína son aún incipientes en Popayán, Colombia. Objetivo. Evaluar la frecuencia de las mutaciones en la nitrorreductasa RdxA en una población de pacientes con enfermedad gastrointestinal por H. pylori. Materiales y métodos. El ADN de 170 biopsias gástricas se amplificó mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para detectar las mutaciones en la nitrorreductasa RdxA. Se analizaron las secuencias traducidas a aminoácidos y se compararon con la cepa de referencia 26695. Resultados. La frecuencia de mutaciones de la nitrorreductasa RdxA en la población de estudio fue de 78 %. Su distribución más frecuente se detectó en las posiciones D59N (en 153 muestras), R131K (en 101 muestras), R90K (en 97 muestras), A118T (en 42 muestras), I160F (en 32 muestras), H97T (en 26 muestras) y en los codones de parada Q50*; D59*; E75*; C159* y I160* en cinco, una, tres, diez y seis muestras, respectivamente. El genotipo de virulencia más frecuente fue el vacAs1/m1 negativo para cagA (48,6 %). Conclusiones. La gran frecuencia de mutaciones en la nitrorreductasa RdxA en aislamientos de H. pylori en Popayán sugiere que los tratamientos empíricos con metronidazol no serían una opción válida para su erradicación en pacientes de la población estudiada.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Resistance to metronidazole is a key factor associated with Helicobacter pylori treatment failure. Even though resistance is mostly associated with RdxA nitroreductase mutations, studies of this H. pylori protein in Popayán (Colombia) are still incipient. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of mutations in the RdxA nitroreductase in a population of patients with H. pylori-positive gastrointestinal disease. Materials and methods: We amplified the DNA of 170 gastric biopsies by PCR to detect mutations in the RdxA nitroreductase. An analysis of DNA sequences translated into amino acid sequences was done and then compared to the reference strain 26695. Results: The frequency of RdxA nitroreductase mutations in this study population was 78%. Its most frequent distribution was found in positions D59N (153 samples), R131K (101 samples), R90K (97 samples), A118T (42 samples), I160F (32 samples) and H97T (26 samples), and meaningful stop codons Q50*, D59*; E75*, C159* and I160* in five, one, three, ten and six samples, respectively. The most common virulence genotype was vacAs1/m1 cagA negative (48.6 %). Conclusions: The high frequency of RdxA nitroreductase mutations in H. pylori isolates in Popayán (Colombia) indicates that empirical therapy with metronidazole may not be a valid option for the eradication of H. pylori in patients of the studied population.

With the objective of determining the productive reach in bovine Cebú when using as supplement Norgol + molasses-urea to 3 % during the stage of growth-it feeds low shepherding system, 60 properly uniformed toretes was used as for weight and characteristic racial conforming to subjected four experimental groups at nine daily hours of shepherding, on grass PITILLA (Dichantium annulatum) + Tejana (Paspalum notatun) of regular quality; 3 kg of forage of Penisetum Cuba CT - 115; 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg of Norgold for the groups I, II, III and IV, respectively and salt mineral and it dilutes ad libitum. The weight alive initial was determined and final, absolute growth, daily half gain and I consummate as well as was considered the benefit/cost. The animals of the treatment four were able to reach 401 kg of live weight , that is to say, 47.43 % of their weight regarding the weight live initial in 180 days and like average, for the whole period, a daily half gain and conversion of 716.66 g and 10.37 food kg / kg of weight lives respectively. It concludes that the treatments where it is included 2.0 and 1.5 Norgold kg respectively they achieved earnings daily stockings and conversion alimentary superiors significantly (P < 0.05) to the systems that traditionally have been orchestrated with the help of molasses-urea and the employment of other by-products, as well as the meat production that is achieved allows a relationship positive benefit / cost, that which means that the system is feasible, productive and economic.

Con el objetivo de determinar el alcance productivo en bovinos cebú al utilizar como suplemento Norgold + melaza-urea al 3 % durante la etapa de crecimiento-ceba bajo sistema de pastoreo, se emplearon 60 toretes, de iguales pesos y características raciales, conformándose cuatro grupos experimentales; sometido a 9 h diarias de pastoreo, sobre pasto pitilla (Dichantium annulatum) + tejana (Paspalum notatum) de calidad regular; 3 kg de forraje de Penisetum Cuba CT - 115; 1,0; 1,5 y 2,0 kg de Norgold para los grupos I, II, III y IV, respectivamente y sal mineral y agua ad libitum. Se determinó el peso vivo inicial y final, crecimiento absoluto, ganancia media diaria y consumo, así como se estimó el beneficio/costo. Los animales del tratamiento 4 lograron alcanzar 401 kg de peso vivo; es decir, el 47,43 % de su peso respecto al peso vivo inicial en 180 días, y como promedio para todo el período, una ganancia media diaria y conversión de 716,66 g y 10,37 kg de alimento/kg de peso vivo, respectivamente. Se concluye que los tratamientos donde se incluye 2,0 y 1,5 kg de Norgold, respectivamente, lograron ganancias medias diarias y conversión alimentaria superiores (P< 0,05) a los sistemas tradicionales con base de melaza-urea y otros subproductos, así como la producción de carne que se logra permite una relación costo/beneficio positiva, lo cual significa que el sistema es factible, productivo y económico.

Objective Large quantities of pesticides are used in rice crops. The aim of this study is to characterize how farmers are exposed to pesticides and subsequent poisoning. Materials and Methods A multilevel (individual and community) multi-method study, which included ethnographic and survey methods, as well as measurement of pesticides in water and human samples, was performed. Results The production process is described and the main risk factors are presented. Pesticides are considered the greatest danger at work and at their homes. Workers have poor working conditions and are not protected by the system of occupational risks. Azinphos-methyl, endosulfan, β-BHC, bromophos-methyl, bromophos-ethyl and 2,4- DDT were found in water samples. The survey included 381 workers with mild (12.86 %), moderate (67.98 %) and severe (5.51 %) poisonings respectively. Severe cases presented lower levels of education, lower levels of health care access to the contributory regimen of the Colombian social security system and higher incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, herpes or other viral infections. Conclusion There are precarious working conditions that favor exposure to pesticides correlated to the exclusion of farmers from the occupational risk system, to poverty and to poor education. It is urgent to include these workers to the system of occupational risk system and to improve their living conditions, thus reducing unsafe practices when handling pesticides.

Objetivo Caracterizar la forma en que los agricultores se exponen a los plaguicidas y se presenta la intoxicación. Materiales y Métodos Estudio multi-métodos y multinivel (individuo y comunidad), que incluyó métodos etnográficos, encuesta y medición de plaguicidas en agua y muestras humanas. Resultados Se describió el proceso productivo y se conocieron los principales factores de riesgo. Los plaguicidas son considerados el Mayor peligro en el trabajo y en sus viviendas. Los trabajadores tienen precarias condiciones laborales y no están protegidos por el sistema de riesgos laborales. En las muestras de agua se encontraron azinfos-metil, endosulfán, b-BHC, bromofos-metil, bromofos-etil y 2,4-DDT. En la encuesta participaron 381 trabajadores de los cuales 12,9, 68 y 5,5 % tuvieron intoxicaciones leves, moderadas y severas, respectivamente. Los casos severos tenían menores niveles de escolaridad, menor nivel de afiliación al régimen contributivo del sistema de seguridad social y un Mayor número tenía enfermedad cardiovascular, diabetes, herpes u otras infecciones virales. Conclusión Existen precarias condiciones laborales que favorecen la exposición a plaguicidas caracterizadas por la exclusión del sistema de riesgos laborales, pobreza y baja educación. Es urgente la inclusión de estos trabajadores al sistema de riesgos laborales y la mejora de las condiciones de vida. De esa manera se podrán disminuir las prácticas inseguras en el manejo de plaguicidas.

Objetivo Caracterizar la forma en que los agricultores se exponen a los plaguicidas y se presenta la intoxicación. Materiales y Métodos Estudio multi-métodos y multinivel (individuo y comunidad), que incluyó métodos etnográficos, encuesta y medición de plaguicidas en agua y muestras humanas. Resultados Se describió el proceso productivo y se conocieron los principales factores de riesgo. Los plaguicidas son considerados el Mayor peligro en el trabajo y en sus viviendas. Los trabajadores tienen precarias condiciones laborales y no están protegidos por el sistema de riesgos laborales. En las muestras de agua se encontraron azinfos-metil, endosulfán, b-BHC, bromofos-metil, bromofos-etil y 2,4-DDT. En la encuesta participaron 381 trabajadores de los cuales 12,9, 68 y 5,5 % tuvieron intoxicaciones leves, moderadas y severas, respectivamente. Los casos severos tenían menores niveles de escolaridad, menor nivel de afiliación al régimen contributivo del sistema de seguridad social y un Mayor número tenía enfermedad cardiovascular, diabetes, herpes u otras infecciones virales. Conclusión Existen precarias condiciones laborales que favorecen la exposición a plaguicidas caracterizadas por la exclusión del sistema de riesgos laborales, pobreza y baja educación. Es urgente la inclusión de estos trabajadores al sistema de riesgos laborales y la mejora de las condiciones de vida. De esa manera se podrán disminuir las prácticas inseguras en el manejo de plaguicidas.

Objective Large quantities of pesticides are used in rice crops. The aim of this study is to characterize how farmers are exposed to pesticides and subsequent poisoning. Materials and Methods A multilevel (individual and community) multi-method study, which included ethnographic and survey methods, as well as measurement of pesticides in water and human samples, was performed. Results The production process is described and the main risk factors are presented. Pesticides are considered the greatest danger at work and at their homes. Workers have poor working conditions and are not protected by the system of occupational risks. Azinphos-methyl, endosulfan, β-BHC, bromophos-methyl, bromophos-ethyl and 2,4- DDT were found in water samples. The survey included 381 workers with mild (12.86 %), moderate (67.98 %) and severe (5.51 %) poisonings respectively. Severe cases presented lower levels of education, lower levels of health care access to the contributory regimen of the Colombian social security system and higher incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, herpes or other viral infections. Conclusion There are precarious working conditions that favor exposure to pesticides correlated to the exclusion of farmers from the occupational risk system, to poverty and to poor education. It is urgent to include these workers to the system of occupational risk system and to improve their living conditions, thus reducing unsafe practices when handling pesticides.

Background: Preservation solutions are critical for organ transplantation. In liver transplant (LT), the solution developed by the University Of Wisconsin (UW) is the gold-standard to perfuse deceased brain death donor (DBD) grafts. Histidine-Tryptophan-Ketoglutarate (HTK), formerly a cardioplegic infusion, has been also used in solid organ transplantation. Aim: To compare the outcomes of LT in our center using either HTK or UW solution. Patients and Methods: Retrospective study including 93 LT DBD liver grafts in 89 patients transplanted between March 1994 and July 2010. Forty-eight grafts were preserved with UW and 45 with HTK. Donor and recipient demographics, total infused volume, cold ischemia time, post-reperfusion biopsy, liver function tests, incidence of biliary complications, acute rejection and 12-month graft and patient survival were assessed. Preservation solution costs per liver graft were also recorded. Results: Donor and recipient demographics were similar. When comparing UW and HTK, no differences were observed in cold ischemia time (9.6 ± 3 and 8.7 ± 2 h respectively, p = 0.23), biliary complications, the incidence of acute rejection, primary or delayed graft dysfunction. Histology on post-reperfusion biopsies revealed no differences between groups. The infused volume was significantly higher with HTK than with UW (9 (5-16) and 6 (3-11) l, p < 0.001). The cost per procurement was remarkably lower using HTK. Conclusions: Perfusion of DBD liver grafts with HTK is clinically equivalent to UW, with a significant cost reduction.

Objective Determining the prevalence of alterations in informal workers’ audition, respiratory and vocal functions and their association with certain risk factors in Popayan, Colombia. Methods This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study of 186 informal workers (i.e. people selling things in the street). After signing an informed consent form, an interview was held to obtain data regarding sociodemographic and communicative variables. The workers were then evaluated using tests for tone audiometry, respiratory function and Wilson's voice profile. SPSS (v.19.0) was used for statistical analysis. Results Being older than 30 years of age (OR 5.84: 2.85-12.00 95%CI), having a poor educational level (2.81: 1.22-6.44 95%CI) and low socioeconomic status (4.54:1.89-10.91 95%CI) and prolonged working hours (2.64: 1.27-5.06 95%CI) were associated with auditive function disorders. Respiratory function disorders were associated with being female (1.83; 1.00-3.34 95%CI) and having prolonged working hours (2.04: 1.11-3.74 95%CI). Regarding vocal function, being over 30 years-old (3.36: 1.33-3.51 95%CI) and having a low educational level (3.67; 1.05-12.76 95%CI) were risk factors. Communicative factors related to auditive, respiratory and voice disorder were ear pain, hypertrophic tonsils, trauma, gastro-esophageal reflux, frequent cough, strong emotions and screaming. Conclusions It is evident that alterations in informal workers’ communicative system are associated with certain sociodemographic and communicative risk factors. This information provides a baseline for improving healthcare promotion and disease prevention strategies aimed at this population.

Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de alteraciones en la audición, función respiratoria y vocal y su asociación con ciertos factores de riesgo en vendedores ambulantes de la ciudad de Popayán, Colombia. Métodos Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 186 vendedores ambulantes. Después de la firma del consentimiento informado, se aplicó una encuesta para obtener datos sobre variables sociodemográficas y comunicativas. Posteriormente, los trabajadores fueron evaluados mediante la aplicación de pruebas de audiometría tonal, funcionalidad respiratoria y perfil vocal de Wilson. El análisis estadístico se realizó en SPSS v. 19.0. Resultados Ser mayor de 30 años (OR 5,84; IC95 % 2,85-12,00), poseer nivel educativo (2,81; 1,22-6,44) y estrato socioeconómico bajos (4,54; 1,89-10,91), y el tiempo de trabajo prolongado (2,64; 1,27-5,06) estuvieron asociados a alteraciones en la función auditiva. Alteraciones en la función respiratoria estuvieron asociadas a ser mujer (1,83; 1,00-3,34) y tiempo de trabajo prolongado (2,04; 1,11-3,74). Para la función vocal, ser mayor de 30 años (3,36; IC 1,33-3,51) y el nivel educativo bajo (3,67; 1,05-12,76) fueron factores de riesgo. Los antecedentes comunicativos relacionados con alteraciones auditivas, respiratorias y de la voz fueron dolor de oído, hipertrofia de amígdalas, trauma, reflujo gastroesofágico, tos frecuente, emociones fuertes y gritar. Conclusiones Se evidencia que las alteraciones en el sistema comunicativo en los vendedores ambulantes está asociada con ciertos factores de riesgo sociodemográficos y comunicativos. Esta información constituye una línea de base para mejorar las estrategias de promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad en esta población.

Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de alteraciones en la audición, función respiratoria y vocal y su asociación con ciertos factores de riesgo en vendedores ambulantes de la ciudad de Popayán, Colombia. Métodos Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 186 vendedores ambulantes. Después de la firma del consentimiento informado, se aplicó una encuesta para obtener datos sobre variables sociodemográficas y comunicativas. Posteriormente, los trabajadores fueron evaluados mediante la aplicación de pruebas de audiometría tonal, funcionalidad respiratoria y perfil vocal de Wilson. El análisis estadístico se realizó en SPSS v. 19.0. Resultados Ser mayor de 30 años (OR 5,84; IC95 % 2,85-12,00), poseer nivel educativo (2,81; 1,22-6,44) y estrato socioeconómico bajos (4,54; 1,89-10,91), y el tiempo de trabajo prolongado (2,64; 1,27-5,06) estuvieron asociados a alteraciones en la función auditiva. Alteraciones en la función respiratoria estuvieron asociadas a ser mujer (1,83; 1,00-3,34) y tiempo de trabajo prolongado (2,04; 1,11-3,74). Para la función vocal, ser mayor de 30 años (3,36; IC 1,33-3,51) y el nivel educativo bajo (3,67; 1,05-12,76) fueron factores de riesgo. Los antecedentes comunicativos relacionados con alteraciones auditivas, respiratorias y de la voz fueron dolor de oído, hipertrofia de amígdalas, trauma, reflujo gastroesofágico, tos frecuente, emociones fuertes y gritar. Conclusiones Se evidencia que las alteraciones en el sistema comunicativo en los vendedores ambulantes está asociada con ciertos factores de riesgo sociodemográficos y comunicativos. Esta información constituye una línea de base para mejorar las estrategias de promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad en esta población.

Objective Determining the prevalence of alterations in informal workers’ audition, respiratory and vocal functions and their association with certain risk factors in Popayan, Colombia. Methods This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study of 186 informal workers (i.e. people selling things in the street). After signing an informed consent form, an interview was held to obtain data regarding sociodemographic and communicative variables. The workers were then evaluated using tests for tone audiometry, respiratory function and Wilson's voice profile. SPSS (v.19.0) was used for statistical analysis. Results Being older than 30 years of age (OR 5.84: 2.85-12.00 95%CI), having a poor educational level (2.81: 1.22-6.44 95%CI) and low socioeconomic status (4.54:1.89-10.91 95%CI) and prolonged working hours (2.64: 1.27-5.06 95%CI) were associated with auditive function disorders. Respiratory function disorders were associated with being female (1.83; 1.00-3.34 95%CI) and having prolonged working hours (2.04: 1.11-3.74 95%CI). Regarding vocal function, being over 30 years-old (3.36: 1.33-3.51 95%CI) and having a low educational level (3.67; 1.05-12.76 95%CI) were risk factors. Communicative factors related to auditive, respiratory and voice disorder were ear pain, hypertrophic tonsils, trauma, gastro-esophageal reflux, frequent cough, strong emotions and screaming. Conclusions It is evident that alterations in informal workers’ communicative system are associated with certain sociodemographic and communicative risk factors. This information provides a baseline for improving healthcare promotion and disease prevention strategies aimed at this population.